Incredible India Essay

Tourism is a major industry in India and the Ministry of Tourism launched a campaign to promote Incredible India as a tourist destination in 2002. [2] The phrase â€Å"Incredible India† was adopted as a slogan by the ministry. Before 2002, the Indian government regularly formulated policies and prepared pamphlets and brochures for the promotion of tourism, however, it did not support tourism in a concerted fashion. However, in 2002, the tourism ministry made a conscious effort to bring in more professionalism in its attempts to promote tourism. It formulated an integrated communication strategy with the aim of promoting India as a destination of choice for the discerning traveler. The tourism ministry engaged the services of advertising and marketing firm Ogilvy & Mather (India) (O&M) to create a new campaign to increase tourist inflows into the country. [3] Travel industry analysts and tour operators were appreciative of the high standards of the ‘Incredible India’ campaign. â€Å"The promo campaign is making a powerful visual impact and creating a perception of India being a magical place to visit,† said Anne Morgaon Scully, President, McCabeBremer Travel, Virginia, USA. Average travelers too appeared to find the campaign interesting and informative, going by favourable comments on blogs on travel websites Although the ‘Incredible India’ campaign was generally well received, industry observers differed in their opinions on the positioning of India in the campaign. G. S. Murari, Director, Fidelis Advertising and Marketing Pvt. Ltd. stated he was uncomfortable with the tagline ‘Incredible India’ and was of the opinion that since India was not a uni-dimensional country like Singapore or the Maldives, using a word like ‘incredible’ to describe India as a whole was not appropriate. In 2011, Arjun Sharma, Managing Director, Le Passage to India, stated that the campaign has lived its life and it had to be reinvented. [8] The Ministry of Tourism has again engaged Ogilvy & Mather for a period of three year, beginning 2012, to redefine the brand and provide a strategic vision for the campaign. From ancient times, India has been looked upon as a place full of Mystique. In olden days time travelers like Huen Tsang came a long way with a great difficulty just to have felt of the place. But now in modern times, with supersonic jets, the world has become a smaller and has been named as a â€Å"global village†. With the destinations becoming so much closer the tourist are pouring into India from all over the world leading to a fast development of tourism industry and yet it has not grown to its fullest potential. History has lost count of hordes of humanity which have travelled and through this land of vibes and wisdom; explorers, travelers, traders and invaders have been drawn to her shores. Fa Hien and Hieun Tsang came from China in search of Bhuddha’s calm serenity; from Alexander to Tamburlaine and Nadir Shah, Mahmud Ghaznavi, Muhammad Shah Ghauri to Babar, and Vasco-De-Gama to East India Company. All came here to fill their coffers with the wealth of this land; Jews, Parsees, Muhammedans, Christians, Arabs, Persians, Turks, Orientals and Europeanshave been all made welcome here. India has some incredibly beautiful spiritual destinations located all over the country. From the majestic peaks of Himalayas to the ghats of holy Ganga to numerous other holy sites, one can go for an unforgettable spiritual journey through this majestic country.

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What are the functions of the digestive system? The functions of the digestive system are to break down food, down Into various macromolecules in order to extract the nutrients from the food. 2. How does the structure of each organ In the digestive system relate to Its function? They have a specific structure In order to properly perform the function they were meant to do. For example the small intestines have villa in it in order to increase the surface area and absorb nutrients easier. 3.How goes the digestive system assist in maintaining the water balance in the body? The large intestines help with water retention so the body doesn't get dehydrated very easily. 4. How do enzymes assist the process of digestion? Enzymes help assists the process of digestion by breaking down specific macromolecules and speeding up the process as well. 5. How do factors such as temperature, pH and concentration of enzyme or substrate affect the rate of enzyme-catcalled reactions? They can speed up or aid the reaction process or denature the enzyme depending on the given notations. . What are IBM and BMW? IBM Is body mass Index and BMW Is basal metabolic rate. 7. How can IBM and BMW help assess healthy diet and weight? Because they help determine whether you are considered overweight for your height group. 8. What are the health risks associated with being overweight or underweight? They can lead to many different issues such as heart problems, malnutrition, brittle bones, muscle aches, etc. 9. What body systems are affected when a person is overweight or underweight?Multiple body systems can be affected ouch as the digestive system, skeletal system, muscular system, cardiovascular system, etc. 10. What is ATOP? ATOP is adenosine troposphere. 1 1 . How is energy released from ATOP and used to do work in the body? Energy is released from ATOP through the process of hydrolysis. 12. How do the air you breathe and the food you eat relate directly to the production of energy in the f orm of ATOP? The quality of the alarm and food affects the production of energy from ATOP based off how much ATOP can be produced from the alarm and food given.

Contract law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Contract law - Essay Example The courts will decide on the amount of damages and other penalties that the defendant will have to incur in return for the breach of contract. Bob’s remedy is to exhaust all extra judicial means to collect the remaining 4,000 pounds that was offered by Arthur and accepted by Bob. If the extra judicial means are not successful, then Bob can file civil charges for the collection of the remaining 4,000 pounds. Since the offer of Arthur to give the additional 4,000 pounds is accepted by Bob, there is a new contract that supersedes the prior contract. The prior contract is that Arthur Will pay Bob 25,000 pounds if Bob finishes the repair job on Arthur’s aunt’s house on the first week of December 2005. The contract is now 29,000 pounds and the new deadline is Dec 25, 2005. Bob has accomplished his part of the contract, now he can ask the courts to force Arthur to pay him the balance of $4,000 pounds. Bob should NOT pay the remaining 2,000 pounds to Eric. Bob does not have to pay the balance of 2,000 pounds to Eric because the law states since Bob did his part of the contract by paying by end of November, then Eric must do his part by collecting only his offer by receiving only the 3,000 pounds if payment was done within November. It is true that one of the requirements of a valid contract is the consent of the party being offered a contract. In this case, because Bob admitted that due to financial difficulty he couldn’t pay the 5,000 pounds to Eric within November 2005, Eric offered a contract to reduce the amount he will receive to only 3,000 pounds. Bob â€Å"accepted† the offer of Eric by his ACTION of paying his liability within the time period offered by Eric. Therefore now that Bob has done his part, Bob demands that it is Eric’s turn to push through with his contract offer to receive only 3,000 pounds. One reason for Bob’s paying on time is because of

Programmable Logic Controllers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Programmable Logic Controllers - Assignment Example That is; you can blend and match the sorts of Input and Output gadgets to best suit your application. While Ladder Logic is the most usually utilized PLC programming dialect, it is not alone. The accompanying table arrangements of some of the dialects that are utilized to program a PLC (Bolton, 2006). A complete system may contain a large number of rungs, assessed in the arrangement. Ordinarily the PLC processor will then again examine every one of its inputs and redesign yields, and then assess the stepping stool rationale; information changes amid a project sweep will not be viable until the following I/O overhaul. A complete system output may take just a couple of milliseconds, much quicker than changes in the controlled procedure (Bolton, 2006). Programmable controllers fluctuate in their abilities for a "rung" of a step graph. Some just permit a solitary yield bit. There are normally breaking points to the quantity of arrangement contacts in line, and the quantity of branches that can be utilized. Every component of the rung is assessed consecutively. In the event that components change their state amid assessment of a rung, hard-to-analyze issues can be created, albeit here and there the strategy is valuable. A few usage constrained assessment from left-to-great and did not permit converse stream of a rationale signal to influence the yield (Mikulczyński, Samsonowicz and Więcławek, 1998). The command OUT has the purpose to output the functions of the PLC. This outputs the total function of a given rung. On the other hand, SET is a command that prepares an input or output pin to receive or send a given command. When the time for receiving the command or sending has elapsed. One must RESET in order to avoid the use of the pin for other functions and bring about the confusion of the command procedure (Mikulczyński, Samsonowicz and Więcławek, 1998). Simple to-computerized transformation is an electronic process in which a constantly

Final examiantion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final examiantion - Essay Example A failed marketing campaign has the potential to sink a small business, whereas a large business can write it off as an acceptable loss. The second biggest difference is in the form of staff. Large business have the luxury of many different departments, with each manned by a number of individuals. In smaller business, the manager of the firm may have to take on several key roles, thus limiting his or her ability to be effective in the marketing role. Finally, the last difference in marketing centers on creativity. Large business often have a lot more contacts in the industry, so their marketing campaigns are more likely to be effective with the market. On the other hand, small businesses do not have the leverage to be creative and often have to design unimaginative yet effective marketing campaigns. 3) Marketing strategies that engage with the customer are the most effective for improving service quality for a small business. Small businesses often do not have large marketing budgets , but that is no excuse for not trying to make a connection with the customer. The great thing about small businesses is than customers often gravitate towards them because of the increased face-to-face interaction. The product or service on offer does influence the marketing strategy to be used. Products or services that require technical expertise will often need to have extensive instruction manuals or allow the customer to inquire further. 4) Social media is a great way for any business to make use of technology to better market itself. There are many benefits to a company being actively involved online, such as the low cost associated with it and also the potential to reach a wide market. Consumers prefer marketing that meets them at a place where they feel comfortable with, and many younger people spend hours on social media sites each week. For a company looking to promote itself, the use of social media is a great way to do so because much of the work can be done by customer s of the brand. For example, on Facebook getting comments or likes on company status updates can attract new customers who are friends with people who like the brand. The potential for businesses to use social media is almost endless. 5) The term customer lifetime value (CLV) refers to the monetary value that a company can gain from a particular customer over the course of their lifetime. Measuring CLV can be a difficult procedure over many years due to inflation and changing customer spending power. Comparing data over many decades presents its own challenges because there is no one way to correlate the data over time periods. Firms use CLV in order to determine if it is worth it to spend heavily on consumer marketing campaigns. If there is very little to be gained from capturing a customer, then it would not make sense to pursue that customer through marketing campaigns. Instead of treating customers like people, the CLV thinks of them as assets and determines debits and credits o n both sides of the equation. Despite this, it is an important part of any business because of the need to weigh up the costs and benefits associated with maintaining a relationship with a loyal customer. 6) 7) When determining how a product reaches a customer, it is important to consider the effectiveness of it and also the costs involved. Customers appreciate a timely delivery once they have ordered a product, and their reaction to it will determine whether they will be a returning customer or not. A

Andrew Jackson vs. Henry Clay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Andrew Jackson vs. Henry Clay - Essay Example Both men also served in the War of 1812, with Andrew Jackson commanding forces at New Orleans and Henry Clay acting as a War Hawk from Kentucky (Davidson, and Stoff 333). However, it was through their political sparring and verbal fencing that Jackson and Clay would gain historical fame, each man trying to defend their views of what they thought best for the country. Clay supported a strong federal government with what he called the â€Å"American System†, a system of proposals that would have meant a national bank and high tariffs, along with using sale proceeds from public lands to finance improved roadways and canals, while Andrew Jackson supported the opposite, calling for a federal government with limited powers, lower tariffs, and a banking system that would be controlled by gold and silver, not paper banknotes, but most importantly, it would belong to the states. Henry Clay, in short, advocated a path for the development of America that would have kept power in the hand s of the federal government, with very little of that power belonging to any state, while Jackson advocated for the rights of states and their citizens. Both Clay and Jackson are remembered for what is commonly known as the Bank War. Henry Clay was a staunch supporter for the Bank of the United States, and he incorporated the bank into his American System, by â€Å"interlocking† it with all stages of the proposals, including high tariffs and land sales (Watson 83). Andrew Jackson, however, did not only hate the bank, he loathed the bank. First and foremost, he thought that the bank was far too powerful, as well as undemocratic, as it was controlled by private bankers (Davidson, and Stoff 335). Even after Congress renewed the charter, Jackson vetoed it harshly, stating that only states should charter banks, not the federal government (Davidson, and Stoff 335). With the power of the presidential office behind Jackson, Henry Clay had lost a great proposal piece of his American S ystem, and Jackson had asserted his authority to keep power in the hands of the states. Jackson and Clay both waged another type of war, over tariffs, which caused both men political agony. Clay was in favor of high tariffs, especially on imported goods, using those tariffs to protect domestic, or American-made, products and manufacturers (Watson 21). American manufacturers were considered to be a profitable competition for British manufacturers, and Clay wanted nothing more than to see America produce all of the goods that it needed on its own (Heidler, and Heidler 125).  

Arabic Language and English Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Arabic Language and English Language - Essay Example Arabic is from the Semitic language family, subsequently, its grammar is altogether different from English. There is an expansive potential for lapses of impedance when Arab learners produce composed or spoken English. Arabic has a three-consonant root as its premise. All words (parts of speech) are shaped by joining the three-root consonants with altered vowel designs and, in some cases, an affix. Arab learners may be befuddled by the absence of examples in English that might permit them to recognize nouns from verbs or descriptive words, and so forth. The Arabic sentence is generally separated into two primary parts: the column and the supplement (extra) if any. The column could be mapped to the thought of the atomic in expository structure hypothesis. The satellites of the logical structure hypothesis could be equal to the supplement. The column has two parts: the data furthermore the subject. The subject could be acknowledged as the member where an activity, a state, or a depicti on is alluding to. The data could be seen as the movement, the state, or the portrayal itself. An Arabic sentence may be either ostensible sentence or a verbal sentence. The ostensible sentence begins fundamentally with a noun and the verbal sentence begins with a verb. The mainstay of an ostensible sentence is constituted by a primate and a predicate. The primate is a noun that generally a sentence begins with. The capacity of the primate is the subject-work (the member). The predicate qualifies the primate and fills the data a piece of the mainstay of the ostensible sentence. The mainstay of the verbal sentence is constituted by a verb and an operator if the data is a known verb or a star executor if the data is a disregarded verb. While proceeding towards the comparison in details it is necessary to first shed some light on the definition of culture as defined by Geert Hofstede. According to the cultural dimensions premises acknowledged by Geert Hofstede, the westernized nations like the United States, Australia, United Kingdom, etc. creates the individualist bunch and is placed at one severe end of the band whilst the Asian nations such as Pakistan, Hong Kong, India, Thailand, etc. forms the collectivist bunch and is placed at the other intense end of the range.  

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy for Veterans Essay

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy for Veterans - Essay Example Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) is a method of counseling that centers on the patient's future and relies on solutions to be effective. As its name indicates, it is designed to be accomplished in a shorter time frame than traditional therapies. SFBT has been used on patients suffering from depression, anxiety, trauma, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Early research indicated a success rate of 77% with an average of 2.9 sessions (Rothwell 2005 p.402). Industry sponsored research has further indicated its effectiveness that has resulted in "lasting change on average in less than 5 sessions and in up to 83% of referrals" (The Brief Therapy Practice 2003). Still, there is widespread skepticism in the scientific community. Could this brief and effective form of treatment be of benefit to veterans who are returning from Iraq and Afghanistan To answer this question, an examination of the function of SFBT and how it might be integrated into the current treatment of veterans i s essential. Soldiers returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are faced with numerous mental health issues. Approximately one-third of the veterans returning from these wars that seek medical treatment are diagnosed with a mental disorder (Fact Sheet). A major concern is the high rate of post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) acquired from the intense combat conditions. PTSD rates among returning veterans is as high as 15% while another 10% have symptoms of anxiety or depression (Fact Sheet). In addition there are higher than normal rates of chronic fatigue and panic disorder. It would be important to verify if the brief approach would be effective at helping these veterans overcome these major mental health issues. In addition to the major mental health disorders, returning veterans also face a wide range of other issues that affect their mental health. There may be relationship problems when returning to a family after months of absence. To avoid seeking medical treatment, veterans may self-medicate and develop a substance abuse problem. Wounded veterans face reintegrating into a civilian world with a life long disability. In addition they face the problems of relocation, isolation, and unemployment. A brief look at these issues and an evaluation of current treatment methods may be able to shed some light on the usefulness of brief therapy. The term Brief Solution-Focused Therapy (SFBT) is a broad term that encompasses many forms of the treatment. For the purposes of this paper, SFBT is defined as being brief, less than 16 weeks, and focused on a positive outcome through a sequence of changes in behavior and expectations. It is closely associated with Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Family and Marital therapy. Results of previous research using these alternative methods may infer some potential for SFBT. Brief Solution-Focused Therapy (SFBT) an Overview SFBT was originally developed as a short-term psychotherapy approach at the Brief Family Therapy Center in Milwaukee in the late 1970s. Rather than focusing on problems and the basis for emotion, it focuses on the solution. Attention is drawn to goals rather than obstacles and strengths rather than weaknesses. Solution-focused therapists do not make diagnoses, try to promote insight, or analyze the past. Instead they encourage the client to recognize and implement alternatives. SFBT has been used for the treatment of alcohol and

Personality Types Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personality Types - Essay Example They are abstract thinkers who love to understand events and objects as much as possible, and are frustrated by any hindrance in this quest. They prefer to focus on the larger picture and think in the long term, making them ideal candidates for development work. They trust facts and believe that they are capable of holding all facts in objective thought. Most INTJ individuals have complex inner processes, but find it difficult to interpret these to another person. The INTJ are perfectionists, and believe that everything and everyone has a capacity for improvement. They often focus on achieving this improvement in their own functioning and in the tasks they take up. They also expect improvement from the people in their lives – a characteristic that can lead to strife. The INTJ also trust their own instincts and decisions completely, and can be put off by non-constructive criticism and non-responsiveness of others. But while this may be perceived as rigidity, they can in fact be very open to any input that would help improve an end result. Methods of study for an INTJ Since the INTJ are introverted and find social situations difficult, they study better when alone or with very few similar minded peers. They should try and find a location with the least interference if studying in a common study room.

Is case study a good way to analyze financial dissertation topic Essay

Is case study a good way to analyze financial dissertation topic (about risk reduction using derivatives) - Essay Example The paper tries to answer this question, and present the suitable research method if there is one that is better suited than the case study method. In particular, the paper addresses the following questions: One, does the case study design for the research apply for undertaking a financial dissertation involving the reduction of risks with the use of derivatives? Two, if the answer is yes, why is this so, and if not, why is this so? Three, if the answer is yes, what are the recommendations for the utilization and deployment of the strategies for research and the methods of research tied to the case study research design/method? Four, if the answer is no, what would be the most appropriate research design, and why is this the most appropriate? As a continuation to question four, what would be the recommendations for the utilization and deployment of the research methods and strategies tied to the most suitable research design/method identified as being more suitable than the case stud y method? II. ... Derivatives to hedge risks and to manage the risks would naturally lend itself to quantitative research methods. How does the case study method fare in this respect? We get from the literature that the case study method is essentially a qualitative research method. By qualitative is meant that the case study method excels where the dissertation involves situating the research topic in a certain sociological or network context. By this is meant that subjective people and relational factors are important considerations. The definition below captures some of the flavor and some of the relevant contexts for the proper use of the case study method, and it is noteworthy that this definition below makes references to organizational contexts, social contexts, subjective user contexts, and other relational contexts (Jones 2000): Case studies are particularly valuable for understanding complex phenomena in context, and according to Yin (1989) when â€Å"users’ intentions, technology us e patterns, and social impacts – cannot be clearly separated from the social, technological, and organizational contexts in which they occur.† Interpretive field studies are often based in turn on the â€Å"soft case† study approach, described by Braa and Vidgen (1997) as a research framework for organizational study in information systems research. They demarcate between methods appropriate for prediction, understanding, and change; and soft cases are adopted when the research intent warrants understanding phenomena. Recognizing that many studies address more than one of these intents in varying degree, research approaches are mapped to the outcomes desired by the research intents. For predictive outcomes, reduction approaches are used; understanding necessitates an interpretive approach;

Legal aspects of cultural diversity Essay Example for Free

Legal aspects of cultural diversity Essay Cultural diversity is of great essence to any community, just as diversity is important to the living organisms which can in fact, have their ecological system adversely affected, lack of cultural diversity can lead to an increase in the risk of economic and political instabilities. This therefore implies that it is very important to preserve cultural diversity. Its preservation, above all conflicts and security concerns has made it to be of much concern in the global arena. For effective integration of the cultural diversity there is need to develop and enact laws that are intended to preserve it so as to continue enjoying its numerous benefits (Heuberger, Gerber, Anderson, 1999). Legal aspects of cultural diversity A major fundamental characteristic that is emerging as a result of political space that is increasingly widening globally is not so much due to plurality but as a result of polarity of thoughts coming from different corners of the globe which vary significantly. The polarity of these ideas naturally corresponds to the cultural diversity of the communities. Polarity does not necessarily lead to development in the negative direction in the process of social politics. However, there is need to derive some values which are useful from this particular development. This therefore means that there should be efforts which are aimed at developing institutional mechanisms, which apart from acknowledging the existence of cultural diversity they also stress on the fundamental consensual principles and values as a basis of any state. The potentiality of such opportunities lies in the enactment of laws intended to safe guard cultural diversity, such laws should be well entrenched in a country’s supreme law, that is, the constitution (Tarver, 1999). The ethnic and cultural diversity is a broad area which can be very problematic should states fail to adequately cater for them in their laws of the land. When properly managed, cultural diversity is capable of producing positive fruits in the development of institutional structures aimed enhancing integration of various cultures. It is therefore important to note that dealing with ethnic and cultural diversity is not only a sensitive issue but a complex one too. Thus it is of much essence to include virtually all the stakeholders while coming up with laws of regulating and governing this diversity. This is very important since if such a process is not well managed the minorities are likely to feel left out in the development of their nations and thus opposed to its objectives. This can result into anarchy in a country, which can easily lead to tribal conflicts which do not auger well for the economic and political stability of a nation (Mitullah, 2002). The differences in various cultures are not absolute, they can therefore, be mediated positively through a well engineering process of the constitution of the country or other laws governing the state. This is a task that every country should endeavor to accomplish so as to avoid instances of discrimination of minorities. Their values too should be well taken care of and appreciated in a similar manner as those of the majority. Making laws on such basis will ensure that no single culture is left out in the task of nation building as they are all important and each form an integral part of the nation and thus a state cannot function optimally without the inclusion of all the cultures existing within its boundaries (Mitullah, 2002). By the laws properly addressing the issue of cultural diversity the states are likely to be saved from effects of conscious mobilization of people based on their culture and ethnic origins by their elites who are selfish and only interested in their political gains as opposed to the greater good of the entire nation. Such laws should ensure that there is eradication of political processes in which politicians are able to divide people during the periods of campaigns through ideas of cultural differences instead of policies that are needed by the state in order to develop both democratically and economically and thus liberate the citizens from the handicaps of ethnicity and their respective cultures. The laws should enable the citizens to perceive each culture in the country as an important part in the general development of the nation (Mitullah, 2002). In many countries ethnic or cultural social engineering so as to achieve myopic political goals is a major challenge in attaining credible political and economic stability. Not unless such is adequately addressed several countries will continue suffering and their development objectives delayed. Such short comings can be effectively addressed if there are laws and statutes to cater for cultural diversity so that it can be used to yield good fruits for these nations as opposed to situations of political and economic instabilities resulting from failing to manage cultural diversity in a proper manner (Lewis, 2007) Conclusion Cultural diversity when well managed in any given society is capable of yielding a lot of benefits to the all the nationalities. There is need therefore to ensure that it is well preserved and adequately taken care of so as to realize the benefits of stable economies and political systems. By appreciating cultural diversity the members of the different communities are able to borrow the strong values from other cultures and this will lead to the emergence of a culture that incorporates all the cultural diversities that exist within their limits. This can be effectively addressed in laws and statutes which should be oriented at ensuring that cultural diversity is preserved. Reference: Heuberger, B. , Gerber, D. Anderson, R. (1999): Strength through Cultural Diversity; Journal Article of Multiculturalism Vol. 47, Issue 4. Lewis, M. (2007): Cultural Norms and Political Mobilization: Accounting for Local and State-Level Liquor Laws, 1907-1919, Journal of Cultural Geography, Vol. 24, Issue 8. Mitullah, W. V. (2002): Recognising and Respecting Cultural Diversity in the Constitution, Retrieved on 22nd May 2009 from, http://www. commonlii. org/ke/other/KECKRC/2002/5. html. Tarver, M. L. (1999): Law Enforcement Diversity Training And Technology, Retrieved on 22nd May 2009 from, http://aabss. org/journal1999/f13Tarver. html.

Friedrich Engels and histor Essay Example for Free

Friedrich Engels and histor Essay If one is not historical, then it is unscientific. The historical process that has commenced for millennia in the development of societies is a product of scientific processes and vice versa. Friedrich Engels has greatly contributed to the exposition of historical dynamics, one that is ever changing, in constant contradiction with the forces within and without. As it has been definitely asserted, historical materialism, as a part of a dialectic philosophy is not just narrowly limited to a â€Å"study† but it is a scientific process wherein events were investigated, researched, a hypothesis is derived and tested or compared if that assertion applies to universal condition. History thereof is a result of contradictions, a making of man, not just simply a compilation of events that transpired in the past. Only in such a way can history become a science. Thus, a truly revolutionary of his time, Engels presented history according to the material basis of the existence of societies, discussed the evolution of such societies as subsequent effects of the past, constantly playing interconnected, interwoven stories, which without the other is simply incomplete, unscientific. Here he illustrated the formation of history as a result of humanity’s struggle to attain its aims, therefore its own creation, its own being. Engels’ history does not consider man simply a being with presupposed actions, knowledge or decisions, man is a becoming, moulds the society that he belongs to, inseparably intertwined with the progress of the economy, his propensity to survive, to all other aspects of social existence. Certainly, Engels’ life is no different from the society he intended to explain. What has moulded him to become such a great influence in socio-economic paradigms and in the formulation of Marxism surely has a basis in his past, interconnected with his identity, with everything that has gone through his age, internal and external, positive and negative. His own being a laboratory of man as a â€Å"becoming† and of contradictions where which a new form from the antagonisms of the old is drawn. Hence, his life and works were a result of scientific processes, a fruit of the reactions among the material conditions that he was exposed to, a synthesis of numerous theses and anti-theses. Facts and figures are simply not what history is. Facts and figures say something but not substantially anything. History is a correlation and interrelationships between and among facts and figures without finding those connections are mere ink and paper –insignificant. Hitherto, Engels’ works remains to be of great influence in the struggles of oppressed peoples and of the international proletariat. This came into reality because Engels’ works were connected to the material foundations of human existence, ideas and theories that are not alienated: theories that can be felt, ideas that are tangible and inseparable from the activities of societies. As it was, matter precedes consciousness; Engels’ historical and philosophical analysis did not surface out of mere conception of abstract economic and historical fables, but were a result of the effects of the economic and social conditions existing at that time; societies came into reality first and from those realities a consciousness was obtained enabling Engels to scientifically analyze the future of societies based on the reasons that has caused past societies to progress into what they are at present. Engels biography is a display of such scientific course. His early life has been the origin why he came about with his voluminous works on history, implications brought by the facts how he was raised and intended of him to become, his experiences, and his direct contact with the production process and later in complete absorption to the revolutionary struggle in the industrial West. Friedrich Engels was born in Barmen, Prussia to a family of bourgeois origins in September 28, 1820, time when Europe was at the height of the development of the industrial era and wars of conquest for the accumulation of market, labour and resources for the bourgeois economy. It was a time of rapid changes ensuing on all borders, expansion of industrial interests was grappling Europe and colonies in Asia, Africa and Latin America were continuously ransacked while the European continent was in a constant scrabble of migration from different nations in search of industrial work. Indeed an era of accumulation of wealth and technological advances to improve productivity . His nascent years have been vital for the development of his future philosophical pursuit. In his poem â€Å"To My Grandfather†, written December 20, 1833, Friedrich has shown his early acquaintances in history through stories in the Greek mythology which he described as â€Å"many a beautiful story† that his grandfather told him . Another untitled poem written 3 years after described characters in stories from all over Europe seen by young Friedrich as â€Å"pictures to delight† . He was an observer and the environment drew much attention from him. Once he wrote about the conditions in Wuppertal, one of his first attempts to explain the seemingly complicated miseries of the working class , that even the columns of a building and the style of architecture did not escape his watch. It was the beginning of his acquisition of his most powerful weapon in his revolutionary battle, the excellence in textual conveyance. Not only was it a peek to his future history inclinations but also his superb literary talent that has greatly manifested in his works. His father, a German textile mill owner wanted him to become an industrialist too like himself. Though, the environment in which Friedrich Engels lived was full of stark contradictions, external factors which greatly affected his inner resolve, so that a strained relationship developed between them. A supporter of the Prussian government, Friedrich’s father held conservative views in politics and religion which could be attributed to his Protestant Pietist devotion that he entered Friedrich in local Pietist schools, indoctrinating him of narrow fundamentalist views of society that were never acceptable to his broad interests. He was then sent to Bremen, a German port city, before he finished his high school studies to work as a clerk, and there he exhibited despise to autocracy and religion, enjoyed life at its fullest and studied literature, philosophy, theology and history . The democratic struggles gaining political momentum at that time was under a literary movement drawn Engels to participate under a pen name Friedrich Oswald. His first work, a poem titled â€Å"The Bedouin † was published in the Bremisches Conversationsblatt No. 40. In September 1838 and many other literary works and commentaries proceeded thereafter. When he moved to Berlin to join the Household Artillery of the Prussian Army, he already had attractions to the Young Hegelians . His contact with the radical group proved to be vital in Engels’ future philosophical treatises. Hegelian philosophy maintained an idealist core with the dialectic claims that everything, after they had come into being, will ultimately wither away, a constant reminder of change and development inherent in everything therein. Though Hegelian dialectics maintained that thought precedes matter, it still had some followers who were radicalized and reached the point of concluding that even the Prussian state and religion will pass. The most revolutionary of them, however, deviated from Hegel’s â€Å"consciousness precedes matter† and inclined towards materialism. These revolutionaries, among them the 22 year-old Friedrich Engels, asserted that it is the other way around based on Ludwig Feuerbach’s rejection of Hegelian idealism and turned the tables for materialism. He would later publish a pamphlet hailing Feuerbach’s â€Å"The Essence of Christianity† in 1841. The pamphlet echoed Feuerbach’s materialist basis of societal thought and finally debunked theological monopoly of reflection with a â€Å"pulverizing† blow, but later Feuerbach’s materialism would be wedded with Hegelian dialectics . There he was an active radical, wrote articles for the democratic movement while attending lectures at Berlin University with his military service all at the same time. Before he would be sent to England, Engels, travelled to Cologne to meet Moses Hess, the first Hegelian who called himself a communist and the man behind Rheinische Zeitung –a radical daily newspaper. It was possibly in this acquaintance that Engels was influenced with utopian socialism and his travel to England would be decisive in starting a proletarian revolution in the most advanced industrial nation . His experience in Manchester, England in his father’s factory from 1842 opened his eyes to the realities of the working class which he stated in his Conditions of the Working Class in England in 1844, his first book bourn out of his observations in his father’s firm. In his English travel desertion, Engels have had certain exchanges with other workers’ organizations, radical, utopian socialists and Chartists and wrote for Robert Owens’ Utopian socialist paper, the â€Å"New Moral Order† . Only on his way to Barmen did he meet Karl Marx, his lifelong revolutionary collaborator. They first met in Cologne in 1842 and Karl Marx was an editor in the Rheinische Zeitung but took no time to explore their philosophical similarities. That friendship would last for about four decades. Together, Marx and Engels paved the way for the synthesis of Dialectical Materialism, Historical Materialism and Scientific Socialism among many other works that were to become the foundations of the proletarian movement. Engels could never be considered as Marx’s side kick as others would usually portray him, nor must he be treated as above Mar’s intellect on many philosophical questions. Often they would consult each other on certain points of argumentation and Engels recognized Marx’s excellence and at the same manner, Engels displayed his virtuoso in historical and literary fields. They were, in the truest sense, partners in their lifelong struggle for the liberation of the working class. What Engels had become could be ascribed to the people who had played certain parts in his â€Å"becoming†. His grandfather introduced him to the world of history and literature, his father pounced on him that he would later hate everything that his father believed, Hegel on his dialectics (though Engels had broken away from the idealist sector), Feuerbach presented the materialist view for his and Marx’s philosophical synthesis of the Dialectical Materialism and the millions of the workers’ masses that have borne the weight of the whole capitalist production system were, presumably, the greatest influences on Engels’ philosophy. Thus cementing that Engels was really a man that is a â€Å"becoming†. An accumulation of experiences, observations and contact with nature was the reason for having such philosophical standpoint . Engels’ philosophical background could be that of a German philosophy that could be traced from Leibniz, Kant, and Hegel. Though Engels or Marx did not have any â€Å"original† philosophical theories, it is precisely the justification on what was commented on the Critique on Feuerbach that theirs was a philosophy that aimed direct to the point of changing the existing order in the world not just explain it. On many occasions, Engels has directly found the connection of matter and thought, of historical events that are quite apart in ages but were systematically an integral part of the totality of human history. Friedrich Engels’ first book was the Conditions of the Working Class in England in 1844, written when he was in Manchester England. On its preface, Engels explicitly stated the conditions of the working class at that particular time based on his direct acquaintances with the proletariat or twenty-one months, straight from his observations. These observations were directed for the German proletariat so intense their conditions that Engels wished to know the root causes of their misery . In his dedication to the British proletariat, Engels can be seen as a true revolutionary, never satisfied with documents, it was a close contact, an integration among the masses of British workers that has propelled his understanding of the conditions of the working class. It was on the streets, in the alleys, in the working places that true understanding can be derived. The whole of Manchester turned into a laboratory of revolution . Manchester in 1844 is the centre of the Industrial Revolution which he observed, made the conditions of the workers worse. Huge industrial cities such as Manchester and Liverpool had disease occurrences four times grater than in the countryside. Before mills were introduced in England, more than four thousand out of ten thousand children die of whooping cough, scarlet fever, measles, and smallpox and an addition of another three hundred after. While adult mortality numbered to a thousand out of ten thousand and another two hundred added to the previous respectively. In one of his contributed article to the New Moral World Engels concluded that this condition must soon be ended with a revolution that would rearrange the social order existing at that time in three countries in Europe (England, France and Germany) as there is a fast spread of suffering among the working men in the continent. There were existing socialist and communist movements in many parts of Europe, half a million communists in France alone, with some differences in minor points in principle but again, Engels asserted that the proletarian class has the power to rise and become masters of their own, enjoy the fruits of their own labour only if these communists would be united –that would later be named as â€Å"proletarian internationalism† – costing most of Eastern Europe after the Second World War, a little more than a hundred years, with the USSR’s campaign of socialist annexation . Engels described the state of the capitalist system in England, being the most advanced at that time. In the book’s 1892 preface, 52 years since it was first published, the author noted that the rising industrial nations such as France, Germany and America and starting to break Britain’s â€Å"industrial monopoly† and finally reached what has England reached in 1844 and the effects were not different. Same economic laws apply and the fight of English workers five decades ago is happening in the country. It is after all still a bourgeois mode of production, the same tendencies, characteristics and social classes and antagonism still exist. Such was what he had predicted in his first edition and, scientifically, it was indeed the same characteristic of the capitalist economy regardless of nations and cultures. The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 mirrored the condition of the working class not only in certain time frame but through the times as long as capitalism exists in a more or less varied intensity. Further expounding on the roots of the proletariat’s miserable place in the relations of production, Lenin commented that Engels was not the first to say that the working class is suffering from the ills of the capitalist mode of appropriation and expropriation, but it was Engels who said that the working class is being pushed to the very edges so that the proletariat had been left with no choice but to fight back and destroy the bonds of slavery. A power, so much moving this line had exuded that after seven decades Russian proletariat had risen to create the first proletarian state. In 1847, Mikhail Bakunin, a Russian anarchist was banned from Paris because of calling for the over of the Polish and Russian governments. Bakunin was one of the many revolutionaries that appearing in Europe. A revolutionary high tide is sweeping all over the continent and the great masses of workers are looking for the lead in the revolutionary struggle. Such was the condition when Engels wrote â€Å"The Principles of Communism† in 1847, a year before the Communist Manifesto was published. There was, however an earlier composition for the Communist League. In June of that year, the founding event of the Communist League, the Congress of the Just, the Principles of Communism was written to serve as a draft for a statement to be embraced by the proletarian revolutionary movement, the Communist Manifesto . The International Workingmen’s Association formed in 1864 was actively participated by Engels, and later joined Marx in the General Council in 1870, two after the IWA was organized. Historically, the IWA had a huge part in the uprising in Paris in 1871: the Paris Commune. In this event Engels’ writings defeated Bakunin’s Alliance for Social Democracy. IWA was considered to be the first International, and after the Paris Commune was quelled, after the commune died, Engels guided the formations of many socialist parties in Europe, especially in Germany which has been the movement that the whole European communist movement looked upon as bearer of the great socialist revolution. It was here that the term â€Å"manufacture†, denoting production by hand was conceived by Engels, such was to differentiate â€Å"production by hand† from production using a machine. This scheme was decisive in future historical annotations for the transition from guilds to factories of the primitive capitalist model. It is best too clarify that Marxist literature considers, based on historical materialism, that world history has not grown uniformly, some have advanced to capitalism, other nations remain in the feudal stage, and certain communities were even at the stage of primitive communalism. In the year 1884, Engels wrote â€Å"The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. It was this document that really showed Engels’ distinction in history. He wrote this manuscript in just two months to continue what Marx would have wanted him to do – a treatise on the evolution of the State. This book covers the history of many nations, the emergence of private property and classes, and the state and ultimately how this state would perish, mush like Hegelian concept on the dialectical process of societies. Engels’ works were immensely influenced by Hegelian thought, especially evident in his â€Å"Origin of the Family † which was a complete narration of the scientific evolution of the societies, brought about by the contradictions that were constantly the cause of development, of ending an old social order and beginning anew. Aside from that, Engels life as a revolutionary and his works were also influenced by Moses Hess’s utopian socialist ideas, which, together with Karl Marx, they arrived into concluding that the future of capitalism is a scientific socialism and the establishment of the proletarian state. He also viewed the economy as the social foundation that it gives rise to the conception of the state, and that material foundation is the essential ingredient of the thought or way of thinking that would be dominant in the society. It was the very core of the materialist belief that matter precedes consciousness. Which takes us to think that a worker can not have a consciousness of a proletariat if the society has not reached the stage of capitalism, because in the first place, a condition does not exist that would permit a capitalist relation of production (wage labour). Through his life, Engels never believed in marriage pointing out that the natural order of reproduction is not bound by the exclusivity of a woman to a single man. That only came into being when the concept of private property had materialized, so as women. Women held a high place in the primitive societies since they were the only means that tribes and communities would survive was only through continued human reproduction . Engels’ works were referred to by the revolutionary movement especially on the philosophical discourses on dialectics, historical materialism and some of his economic formulations. These influenced leaders of different socialist parties in Europe and around the globe. In autumn of 1985, the leader of the Russian proletarian socialist revolution, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin wrote about Engels saying that he was a great teacher of the world’s working class, and his life must be known to every workingman. Lenin further states that Engels did not let his bourgeois status to stop him from serving the cause of the revolution, study of philosophy and science and politics. The article published in Rabotnik, clarified certain principles in Engels’ philosophy, and asserted that although Engels followed Hegelian dialectics, he was nevertheless not an idealist but one who firmly believes in materialism. Engels, said Lenin, used scientific methods in answering the economic questions of the time. It also gave an insight into Engels political history that being said, Engels was a democrat before he became a socialist. Thus Engels taught that the liberation of the working class is in the hands of the working class. Lenin after 22 years would lead the Russian working class to a socialist victory, fulfilling Engels’ vision of a socialist state won by the proletarian themselves. Later in 1920, three years after the Russian socialist revolution had been won, a document was published showing that Lenin would again comment on Engels through â€Å"The Marx-Engels Correspondence† which he wrote in 1913. The letters contained many of the theoretical foundations of socialism, masterfully fighting through the ins and outs of the political struggle in Europe. It was an exposition of the revisionist renegades attempt to mislead the great masses of the proletariat to capitulate in the bourgeois political system. Through these letters, as Lenin pronounced, the socialist movement was kept in the right track. The tasks of the proletarian revolutionary were outlined to serve as a guide for many socialist parties that were waging underground warfare against their governments. The dialectical course of history was reaffirmed and from that principle, Russian revolution had drawn much of Engels’ guidance in the theoretical as well as in the practical recourse of the revolution. Mao Zedong, leader of the Chinese revolution from the 1920’s until after the Second World War had been a staunch Engels follower through his works with Marx. Chairman Mao had quoted the communist manifesto, stressing on the point that without the theories that Marx and Engels developed, the revolution will have no guide. Revolutionary theory as Mao had said would give the people a direction in waging a war for national liberation, to assure that there would be no resurgence of bourgeois state in liberated nations and ensure that new democratic revolutions will continue to the socialist stage . Again Mao on his article on Women, Engels was often quoted because of his contributions in the study of the status of women in the society, through his book â€Å"the Origin of the Family, Private Property and State†. The study of the women was a big issue in the Chinese revolution. China was then waging a war against traditions that existed for thousands of years that was the feudal relationships between husbands and wives, elderly and the young in Chinese culture. Engels’ views on the question of the equality of the sexes in the primitive communal stage of societies shed light on the history of the struggle of women. Women suffer exploitation twice. A female worker is exploited because she is a worker and she is a woman. She does not only suffer from capitalist exploitation but also from male domination. However, the struggle for women’s liberation is not a struggle against the opposite sex, but a struggle based on the economic class . Friedrich Engels was said to be the builder of socialist thought, the International Review issue no. 83 on the 4th quarter of 1995 stated that Engels had been persistent in his revolutionary career, truly of German tradition. Owing much to his perception of the workers’ movements tendencies and strengths that in the article his first book published was the book used by many revolutionaries through the years of struggle all over the world, from Russia to China. Thus Engels was a man defined by his becoming. Through his life, from the time he was born till the day he died, Europe was in the middle of an economic advancement, it was also a period of political changes. In the middle of those political and economic current, Friedrich Engels stood to face the challenges of his time. The blowing winds of free thought have set his mind to open to new ideas, seemingly the emergence of radical movements were just on the right time. When he became a part of the Young Hegelians, his philosophical inclinations were further developed. If we would look at this through an idealist perspective, it would be possible that Engels life had the right coincidences: Marx was born on the same era; the proletarian movement was on its fiery start. However, dialectically, the course of history would be just the same, it could have not been Engels, it could have not been Marx but still the truth of the development of societies will be there because it is science. History is a making of humanity not just one man, thus independent of anyone’s identity yet it identifies with everyone. It is the reality. Through Engels’ writing Marx was able to find himself a competent partner in his revolutionary theorization. Together they had formulated the socialist philosophy that soon changed the course of the modern society. Engels contributed much to humanity’s understanding of history, complete and thorough interpretation of the events, explained the mysteries that bind each and every event from the beginning of human civilization. History was view on another angle, from the toiling masses, thus, breaking the monopoly of the establishment’s monopoly of truth. Hitherto, societies were seen as dynamic, changing every second, quantitatively and qualitatively –change that was internally caused by those who are within the system, not by something that is detached, alienated, or abstract. Material basis was always at the fore of historical explanations. Engels’ historical insights gave the ruled power over the ruler, the oppressed over the oppressor. In time, the order of things will be changed, asserts Engels, which change will never end. History had become an integral part of the future, not confined to the records of the olden times; it has passed yet continues to take part in molding the future of societies. Without Engels history would still continue and take its path as we have it today. Without Engels to help Marx, the society will still change. Therefore, Engels did have a contribution to humanity’s history. Through his writings, Lenin foresaw the First World War as an imperialist war took advantage of it and made the revolution at home victorious. With the victory of the Russian proletariat, the course of struggles around the world suddenly changed course and had a farther perspective. Not only did these liberation movements aimed to free their nations from foreign domination but had decided to free them from the slavery brought about by the conception of private property. Movements did not only strive to destroy the existing political order perpetuated by tyrants, they had sought to destroy the economic foundation of tyranny. In the country from where he came from, Engels, too, caused much change. He became one of the contributors to the German philosophy, became an inspiration to German revolutionaries and paved the way for the advancement of the German proletariat. As Germany was inseparable from the conditions that what existing in Europe at that time, it too had been reached by the socialist movement that after the Second World War, Germany was divided into two. East Germany had a socialist economy and the, capitalist. Engels had his great deal of share in the development of Marxism and socialism. He was the brain behind the Communist manifesto and Historical Materialism. His studies in the field of history enlightened Marxists and revolutionaries in the course of the inevitable changes in the society. Bibliography (Section 1) Kenwood A. G. and A. L. Lougheed. The Growth of the International Economy 1820-2000: An Introductory Text. London: Routledge, 1999. Carver, Terrell. Engels. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2003. Engels, Friedrich. â€Å"Bedouin. † Young Engels, Marx Engels Internet Archive. Available from www. marxist. org. Engels, Friedrich. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. New York: Pathfinder Press, 2000.

A Sentinel Event Related To Nurse Fatigue Nursing Essay

A Sentinel Event Related To Nurse Fatigue Nursing Essay 12 hour shifts, extended work periods, voluntary and mandatory overtime, and excessive workloads are all factors that dangerously contribute to nurse fatigue, which has led to a number of medication errors and sentinel events (Rogers, Hwang, Scott, Aiken, Dinges, 2004). In the 2004 study by Rogers, Hwang, Scott, Aiken, Dinges, it was found that the longer the shift, the risks for errors increases. Also, when working longer than 17 hours without sleep, nurse fatigue has been shown to demonstrate the equivalence of being under the influence with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.05% (Garrett, 2008). The effects of fatigue on nurses includes problems such as: compromised problem-solving skills, decreased attention span, delayed reaction time, memory lapses, impaired communication, and inability to focus, which are all important for nurses to be aware of in order to provide quality and safe patient care (Warren Tart, 2008). The evidences and dangers of nurse fatigue linked to adverse events from the long work hours and cumulative days of extended work hours has been greatly recognized by The Joint Commission (TJC) issuing a sentinel event alert on December 14, 2011, regarding health care worker fatigue and patient safety (The Joint Commission, 2011). So, I will be discussing the following in the paper that includes: explanation of reviewable sentinel events, a specific sentinel event related to nurse fatigue, and its root cause analysis. Explanation of Reviewable Sentinel Events As defined by TJC, a sentinel event is an unexpected occurrence involving either death, serious physical or psychological harm, or the risk thereof that prompts the need for immediate investigation and response (Sentinel Events Policy and Procedures, 2012). But, for a sentinel event to be considered reviewable, it must meet any of the following criteria: the event resulting in an unanticipated death, coma, permanent loss of function, unrelated to the natural course of the patients illness or underlying condition, or the event is one of the following, but not limited to: suicide within 72 hours of being discharged from a 24 hour care setting rape, sexual abuse/assault elopement abduction (Sentinel Events Policy and Procedures, 2012). A Specific Sentinel Event Related to Nurse Fatigue On July 5, 2006, Jasmine Gant, a pregnant 16 year old high school student, arrived with her mother at St. Marys Hospital in Madison, Wisconsin at 9:30 A.M. for her scheduled induction (Smetzer, Baker, Byrne, Cohen, 2010). The Labor and Delivery (LD) nurse assigned to care for Ms. Gant that day was Julie Thao, 41 years old. Mrs. Thao had been working at St. Marys Hospital since 1993, and worked in the LD department for 15 years. The day before July 5, 2006, Mrs. Thao had voluntarily worked a double shift for a total of 16 hours or more to cover for the units short staff. Mrs. Thao was extremely fatigued by the end of her shift that ended at midnight. She spent the night at the hospital to avoid her hour long commute home and because she was due for her next shift at 7 A.M. So on the morning of July, 5, 2006, the very fatigued nurse Mrs. Thao started her shift caring for one expectant mother. When Ms. Gant presented at the LD unit later that morning, Mrs. Thao spent time with her and her mother completing the admission process that is done with every admitting patient. However, Mrs. Thao did not apply a bar-coded identification band to Ms. Gants arm at this time (Smetzer, Baker, Byrne, Cohen, 2010). When discussing pain management, Ms. Gant expressed the possibility of wanting to use epidural, which Mrs. Thao would relay the message to the obstetrician. At 11:30 A.M., Ms. Gants physician arrived to her room to rupture her amniotic membrane. The physician told Mrs. Thao that he planned to check back before determining with the patient the need for epidural. In the meantime, he had ordered Pitocin, Lactated Ringers (LR) solution, and intravenous (IV) penicillin to treat a strep infection that Ms. Gant had. While Mrs. Thao was in the room, the patient communicated to her that she was anxious about receiving epidural. So, Mrs. Thao thought it would be a good idea to retrieve epidural solution, Bupivacaine, to show the patient and in anticipation since the Anesthesiologist would get upset for not having it readily available. Now, St. Marys Hospital had just started transitioning and training the employees in using the newly installed bar coded medication administration system. Apparently, the hospital was currently having problems with it, so the nurses were instructed to give the medications when needed and document them manually. Well, Mrs. Thao bypassed the system to remove the Bupivacaine, which she also did not have authorization or permission to do so for that medication. Then, she gathered the LR solution and Pitocin before walking back into the patients room. On the way, another nurse handed her the IV penicillin. When Mrs. Thao entered the patients room, she sat the supplies on the counter and began to prepare and initiate the IV infusion. Carelessly, Mrs. Thao made the fatal mistake and grabbed the epidural solution instead of the penicillin, both looking very similar in appearance, administering it intravenously into Ms. Gants arm. Unknowingly of the mistake she had just done that would soon c ost her nursing career and her patients life, Mrs. Thao went on to rewinding the tape on the birthing process to play for the patient, her mother, and the babys father who had just showed up creating lots of tension. Within minutes, the patients mother terrifyingly screamed for mercy. At this point, her daughter was in respiratory distress, seizing, and into a cardiac arrest. The frantic nurse immediately called the rapid response team and code blue. Every effort was made to resuscitate Ms. Gant, but she remained asystolic. Ms. Gant was immediately taken to the operating room to have an emergency cesarean section where the physicians delivered an 8 pound healthy baby boy. The health care team continued resuscitating Ms. Gant, but was pronounced dead by 1:43 P.M. After ruling out several possible causes of her death, it was discovered minutes later that the infusing bag was the epidural solution, instead of the penicillin (Smetzer, Baker, Byrne, Cohen, 2010). Her colleagues reported that Mrs. Thao looked extremely fatigued, which possibly increased her likelihood of making the fatal medication error along with the omission to verify the five rights of medication administration. The Root Cause Analysis A root cause analysis (RCA) is a technique used to help identify the possibilities of causes that led to the end result. When a sentinel event occurs, the hospital is accountable to do a root cause analysis. The point of RCA is not to point out who is to blame. Thus, by conducting a RCA, it allows for a plan of action to prevent the same or similar incidents from occurring. The first part of the RCA is defining the problem or effect. Part two is determining why it happened with the cause and effect technique. Part three is generating solutions and implementing a plan of action to reduce the likelihood of the event from happening again. In the sentinel event above, the problem was a medication error by registered nurse (RN) Julie Thao that had resulted in the maternal death of 16 year old expectant mother, Jasmine Gant. The four cause categories formulated for this specific case are: people, work environment, equipment, and policies and procedures. The nurse Mrs. Thaos fatigued had a tremendous effect on the actions leading to the medication error. She had voluntarily worked a back to back shift of 16 hours or more the night before starting work again the next morning. She expressed the desire to go home halfway through her second shift, too. While taking care of Ms. Gant, the nurse was distracted while preparing the medications. Mrs. Thao reported that there was tension in her patients room when the babys father arrived, so she had intended to administer the IV penicillin and put on the educational video of the birthing process. The work environment of the LD unit that Mrs. Thao worked on was not well organized. The nurses did not directly communicate with the Anesthesiologist making it difficult to have the epidural ready upon their arrival. The unit was also short staffed with several nurses on temporary leave (Smetizer, Baker, Byrne Cohen, 2010). If Mrs. Thao had not worked second shift, they would have been inadequately staffed. The staff and managers did not strictly enforce and comply with the policies such as the identification bands and bar code medication administration system. So, the problems associated with the policies and procedures included the delay of the patients identification bar code band application, omission of verifying the five rights of medication administration, and retrieving the epidural before it was ordered. The issue with the delay of the patients identification band was that it took longer for the bands to be made with the new system. The staff and management were lenient and made it a norm to put it on the patient whenever it was a convenient time. However, Mrs. Thao confessed that she did not comply with the five rights of medication administration. Also, she retrieved the epidural before it was ordered to decrease her patients fear and in anticipation of early epidural. Retrieving the epidural in anticipation upon the Anesthesias arrival was a common practice on the LD floor because of the dissatisfaction expressed by some Anesthesiologist of it not being readily available. For equipment, there was the problem of the newly installed bar code medication administration system and the design of the bag of epidural solution and IV penicillin. The new systems constant problems created low rates on compliance on scanning IV bags, and nurses bypassing the system, which included safety features to prevent such errors from happening. The LD unit staff had inadequate training on troubleshooting the system, especially Mrs. Thao. Instead, management allowed them to hang the medications and document them manually. With the mistake of grabbing the wrong bag, Mrs. Thao had brought all the supplies including the two bags from the anteroom and sat them onto the counter near the patients bedside so that she can converse with the patient directly. The bag containing the epidural solution and the bag of the penicillin looked similar in size, but the epidural was slightly bigger. They were both clear solutions. The two bags both had orange label stickers, but the epidural b ag had an additional bright pink warning label. There is also a design flaw in the interconnectivity making the IV tubing compatible with accessing the epidural bag port like it does with the IV solutions (Smetizer, Baker, Byrne Cohen, 2010).

Characteristics of Criminal Homicides :: essays research papers

Michael Woodworth and Stephen Porter. (August 2002). In Cold Blood: Characteristics of Criminal Homicides as a Function of Psychopathy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol. 111, No. 3, 436-445. Overview   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This study examined the correlation between psychopathy and the characteristics of criminal homicides committed by offenders. Problem   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"It was hypothesized that the homicides committed by psychopathic offenders would be more likely to be primarily instrumental (I.e., associated with premeditation, motivated by an external goal, and not preceded by a potent affective reaction) or â€Å"cold-blooded† in nature (Pg. 436).† However, homicides committed by nonpsychopaths often would be â€Å"crimes of passion† associated with a high level of impulsivity/reactivity and emotionality. Method   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A sample of 125 Canadian offenders were selected for the study. The entire sample was examined in two different ways. First, dual coding was used on a random selection of 21 offenders. These people were asked questions and scored a number of points depending on their responses. All file information on these offenders were made available to the blind coder. Second, a set of 33 cases were randomly selected for dual coding. These cases were different because all details were not made available to the blind coder. Results   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The results confirmed the hypothesis; â€Å"homicides committed by psychopathic offenders were more instrumental than homicides by nonpsychopaths. Almost all (93.3%) of the homicides by psychopaths were primarily instrumental in nature compared with 48.4% of the homicides by nonpsychopaths (Pg. 436).† Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The authors’ conclusions from their study went to prove what they believed to be the outcome. Nothing was found to be shocking or a surprise when reviewing the end results.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I feel the authors conclusions â€Å"hit the nail right on the head.

MacBeth :: Character Analysis, Classics

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the three witches give Macbeth a false sense of security with their apparitions of truths. Instead, they prove to be harmful for Macbeth who takes too much comfort and confidence in his interpretation of the truths.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the first apparition, a floating head warns Macbeth to beware Macduff. The apparition confirms Macbeth’s own fears saying he has already guessed as much. In the second apparition, a bloody child tells Macbeth, â€Å"None a woman born shall harm Macbeth† (4.1, p. 96). Believing everyone is born of woman, Macbeth takes relief in the idea that he will never be harmed. Although, the apparition does provide a truth, but unbeknownst to Macbeth, Macduff was not of â€Å"woman born† rather â€Å"from his mother’s womb / untimely ripped† (5.9 p. 349). Macduff was born through cesarean section after his mother died hence the bloody child in the apparition. In the third apparition, a crowned child holding a tree, tells Macbeth he is safe until Birnam Wood moves to Dunsinane Hill. Again, the apparition deceives Macbeth the way he perceives it thinking Birnam Wood cannot move to Dunsinane Hill. Later, a messenger tells Macbeth the trees of Birnam wood are advancing toward Dunsinane. Malcolm’s soldiers carry the tree branches to Dunsinane making the apparition truthful. The crowned child in the apparition is Malcolm—the future king after Macbeth. Finally in the last apparition, a procession of eight crowned kings walks by, the last one carrying a mirror. Banquo’s ghost walks at the end of the line. The witches vanish before Macbeth could get a meaning behind the apparition.

Steam Turbines :: essays research papers

Steam Turbines   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The invention of the water turbine was so successful that eventually, the idea came about for extracting power from steam. Steam has one great advantage over water-it expands in volume with tremendous velocity. To be the most effective, a steam turbine must run at a very high speed. No wheel made can revolve at any speed approaching the velocity that a steam turbine can. By utilizing the kinetic energy of steam flow, the turbine could achieve a higher efficiency. As a result, the steam turbine has supplanted the reciprocating engine as a prime mover in large electricity-generating plants and is also used as a means of jet propulsion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The action of the steam turbine is based on the thermodynamic principle that when a vapor is allowed to expand, its temperature drops. In turn, its internal energy is decreased. This reduction in internal energy is transformed into mechanical energy in the form of an acceleration of the particles of vapor. The transformation that occurs, provides a large amount of available work energy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The essential parts of all steam turbines consist of nozzles or jets through which the steam can flow and expand. Thus, the temperature drops, and kinetic energy is gained. In addition, there are blades, on which high pressure steam is exerted. Stationary blades shift the steam onto rotating blades, which provide power. Also, turbines are equipped with wheels or drums where the blades are mounted. A shaft for these wheels or drums is also a basic component, as well as an outer casing that confines the steam to the area of the turbine proper. In order to efficiently use this contraption, it is necessary to have a number of stages. In each of these stages, a small amount of thermal energy is converted to kinetic energy. If the entire conversion of energy took place at once, the rotative speed of the turbine wheel would be way too excessive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Steam turbines are really quite simple machines, that have only one major moving part, the rotor. However, auxiliary equipment is necessary for their operation. Journal bearings support the shaft, and an oil system provides lubrication to these bearings. A special seal system prevents steam from

Health and Safety Policy of Dublin Bus Essay

This safety statement has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of Sections 19 & 20 of the Safety, Health & Welfare at Work Act, 2005. This Safety Statement specifies commitment, lines of responsibility and accountability for safety together with a list of Risk Assessments within the organisation. In July 2007 new and revised â€Å"General Application Regulations 2007† were published. These Regulations were signed into Law on the 1st November 2007. Prescribed under the SHWW Act 2005, these Regulations provide details of how compliance with Health & Safety legislation is to be applied in the workplace. These Regulations have been examined and appear at regular intervals throughout the Dublin Bus Safety Statement. Company Commitment The company is committed to ensuring so far as is reasonably practicable, the Safety, Health and Welfare at work of all of its employees, as required under Section 8 of the Act, with particular regard to The provision and maintenance of a safe and healthy working environment. The provision of a safe place of work and means of access to and egress from it. The provision and maintenance of plant and equipment and of systems of work that are as safe and without risk to health as is reasonably practicable to achieve. The provision of information, instruction, training and supervision will enhance the health and safety at work if its employees and prevent improper conduct and behaviour occurring. The safety and absence of risk to health in the use, handling, storage and transport of articles and substances including the provision of suitable protective clothing and equipment where hazards cannot be eliminated. The arrangement for adequate facilities for welfare, including medical and occupational health services. The maintenance of the safety, health and welfare at work of its employees which is as important as the management of production, cost effectiveness, sales etc. It is company policy to provide the appropriate resources of time, personnel, expertise and finance as required under Section 12 of the Act to enable the above responsibilities to be met. Dublin Bus is committed to the highest standard of Housekeeping. The company is committed to keeping its workplaces clean and hygienic. The company is committed to high standards of lighting in all work areas. The company will ensure comfortable working temperature, Suitable clothing is provided that is adequate where necessary for work outdoors and in inclement weather/conditions Good ventilation while attempting to minimise draughts,  Mechanical ventilation where fresh air supply is insufficient Heating systems which do not give off fumes into the workplace, Noise levels controlled to reduce nuisance as well as damage to health, Heat stress reduced by controlling radiant heat by positioning heater units at correct levels and installing independent unit controls. It is illegal for staff to smoke in a depot, on a bus or in offices or any other indoor work areas. Under no circumstances should staff smoke in the workplace except in designated areas. The risk is minimised by implementing good housekeeping standards, safe working practices and use of safe materials by cleaning staff, and insistence on the use of appropriate footwear. Sharp Object/ needle Stick Injury There is a risk to all staff, particularly night cleaning staff associated with picking up miscellaneous discarded items that are too large for removal by the vacuum. Medium Staff notices highlight the importance of vigilance in regard to these hazards. Pick-up staff should use protective gloves at all times. Drivers Internal Vehicle Movement The hazards associated with the internal movement of vehicles include serious or fatal injury to persons and property damage Medium To minimise the risk all staff when driving on Dublin Bus property must not exceed posted limit, must not turn too sharply, must not drive too close to persons and must only reverse when necessary. As interface can’t be avoided, the company is committed to implement such precautions as are practical, the provision and maintenance or radios on all buses and liaison with local Guardia to improve security Manual Handling Many employees working within the Dublin Bus Depots are involved in some manual lifting and handling as part of their daily working duties. Any manual handling of loads can pose a hazard to employees Medium Dublin Bus Depots ensure that no person will be expected to lift loads that would likely to cause him/her injury. Lifting equipment is provided in all locations for all tasks that involve lifting. Dublin Bus Depots Portable Hand Tools Common injuries from use of hand tools include cuts, burns and pinches Medium It is Dublin Bus policy to purchase only portable electric tools that conform to the highest safety standard. Dublin Bus depots Cash/ Stock Security Many Dublin Bus premises have got cash and / or ticket stocks. There is always a threat of robbery in these locations Low All cash offices are designed to high security requirements. Six monthly security reviews take place in each Garage, and an annual audit by the insurance underwrite takes place. Mr James McHugh Protection against Assault and Robbery Almost all Dublin Bus routes are Autofare. This has removed robbery as the principal motivation for attack on drivers. Medium The provision and maintenance or radios on all buses and liaison with local Gardai to improve security Mr James McHugh Vehicle Breakdown There are a number of risks surrounding the operation of vehicle breakdown. Usually personnel from both traffic and maintenance are involved and I n many instances, customers are involved. Medium Engineering Staff will have to attend the scene to assess the vehicle and either make an on the spot repair or recover the vehicle to the garage for further investigations and repair. Engineering Staff Operation of Vehicles A risk of injury associated with crews taking over or while operating vehicles exists. Medium Staff must be aware of any spillage in garages/ garage yards or on the open road Engineering Staff Driver Fatigue Risk of causing accident High Drivers should get periods of high quality sleep and rest. Make sure that drivers working and driving schedules are kept within reasonable. Drivers Record your Findings Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 Duties of Employers Duty to ensure the design, provision and maintenance of any place of work under the employer’s control in a condition that is safe and without risk to health. Duty to ensure the design, provision and maintenance of safe means of access and egress from any place of work under the employer’s control. Duty to ensure the provision of systems of work that are planned, organised, performed and maintained so as to be safe and without risk to health. Duty to ensure the provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision as is necessary to ensure the safety and health at work of employees. Duties of Employees To take reasonable care for his/her own safety, health and welfare and that of any other person who may be affected by his/her acts or omissions To  co-operate with the employer and any other person to enable the employer or other person to comply with statutory obligations. To use any suitable appliance, protective clothing, convenience, equipment or other means provided intended to secure the employee’s safety, health and welfare and To report to the employer or immediate supervisor, without unreasonable delay, and safety/health defects in plant, equipment, place of work or system of work, of which he/she becomes aware. Risk & Safety Management The health and safety Manager, Mr. James McHugh, will provide proactive support for the safety, health and welfare of employees, visitors and contractors, the safety of customers and other road users and security of premises, fleet and equipment. Safety awareness among employees, customers and others affected by Dublin Bus activities shall be promoted and guidance and direction provided for management in all matters relating to safety. Staff safety training will be organised across all areas of the Company. Safety Audits, risk assessments and safety monitoring will continue to form the basis of effective risk management. Liaison with external bodies will include the Health and Safety Authority, the National Industrial Safety Organisation, the National Safety Council, IBEC, The Construction Industry Federation, the Institution of Occupation Safety and Health, the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents, the Road Safety Authority as well as independent, commercial occupational safety and health consultative, training and fire survey agencies. Responsibility The Chief Executive, Mr. Paddy Doherty, is responsible for the establishment and maintenance of the Safety Statement by taking a direct interest in the Company’s Safety, Health and Welfare activities and affording support in terms of staffing and resources to those whose responsibility it is to carry it out. The discharge of this responsibility devolves on the Chief Engineer Dublin Bus Mr. Shane Doyle, whose deputy for the purpose of the SHWW Act 2005 is Mr. James McHugh, Health and safety Manager. He will ensure that senior managers are aware of and implement their responsibility in relation to managers reporting to them. Co-operation of Employees Dublin Bus employees are legally obliged to co-operate in the promotion of Safety, Health & Welfare in the workplace, as specified under Section 13 of the 2005 Act. Safety Representatives As required under Section 25 of the Safety Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005, Safety Representatives have been elected to represent the Safety, Health & Welfare interest of employees. Appropriate training is made available to Representatives and they are afforded facilities for the carrying out of their duties as specified in Section 25. In addition to informal everyday contact between local management/supervision and Safety Representatives, regular meetings will be held between local Management and Safety Representatives and a record of the proceedings will be maintained. Training Manager Employee Development & Equality Ms. Pat Normanly is responsible for formal staff training within the company. As our core business is primarily related to bus driver training, Mr John Flynn, Training School Manager, is responsible for the day to day running of these training programmes. To ensure the effective implementation of the Safety Statement and to ensure that employees are able to discharge their responsibilities in a safe and healthy environment, appropriate training will be given as required both from within the Company’s resources and also utilising outside expertise. All Engineering staff, whether commencing employment with Dublin Bus or transferring from another depot, will receive induction training to ensure that they fully understand the hazards, safety precautions and emergency procedures associated with working in the particular Depot. They will be given a tour of the depot in its entirety so they are familiar with the layout, fire escapes, assembly points etc. this should be conducted by the Engineering Manager and must also include a briefing on fire safety procedures and a review of any site-specific hazards. In order to ensure that each employee receives a complete and comprehensive induction, Engineering Managers should complete the prescribed form and retain a copy on the employee’s file. In compliance with the terms of the Safety, Health, Welfare at Work Act 2005 and the General Application Regulation 2007, Dublin Bus will provide mandatory training where necessary. Fire Prevention Responsibility for the Management of the Company’s Fire Prevention policies rests with Mr. Shane Doyle, Chief Engineer, Dublin Bus. His deputy is Aidan McGinty, Assistant Engineer. Engineering Managers are responsible for the implementation of fire precautions in their respective locations, as is the materials Manager in regard to the Materials Handling premises in Broadstone, Area Manager (central) in Central Control and Administration Officer, Human Resources Department in Earl Place. Drivers who discover a fire on their bus, or if a fire is brought to their attention by a customer must follow these instructions. Stop the bus immediately and switch off engine/main switch Evacuate customers from the bus to a place of safety Call control and request assistance of Fire Brigade If fire is small and safe to tackle, use fire extinguisher on boards bus If not, leave the bus and go to place of safety with customers and await assistance First Aid All Dublin Bus sites have a First Aid Room, have trained First Aiders and equipped with First Aid Provisions. All employees new to a site must familiarise themselves with local arrangements. New First Aid Regulations were introduced in November 2008. Employees who suffer injury in the course of their employment are required to present themselves for appropriate treatment. Treatment may be carried out in the place of work by the approved First Aider or by referral to hospital or other. First Aiders are required to keep appropriate records. First Aiders are also required to acquaint their Supervisors when first aid supplies require replenishing. Emergency Plan Emergency evacuation plans are part of the overall fire safety system and are outline to fire marshals and wardens in the course of the training. All locations have plans displayed outlining the procedure to be adopted in the event of an emergency. These evacuation plans, are routinely checked by the local manager. Fire Wardens are appointed and trained and the statutory evacuation of premises is carried out twice yearly. Review and update Printed copies of the Dublin Bus Safety Statement are held by Management and Safety Representatives. Copies are also available at each location for the further information and perusal of all employees and are freely available to any member of the staff, on request. The Safety Statement is also available for viewing on the Dublin Bus â€Å"Busnet† system, the Public and Work Driver on your computer and the Public Folders of your email Inbox. Additionally, the Safety Statement is available to any other person, e.g. contractors likely to be affected by Dublin Bus activities. The Dublin Bus Safety Statement, which is a â€Å"living document†, will be updated at least annually as per Section 20 of the SHWW Act 2005. Where necessary it will be revised periodically, or as directed.

Review the article What is strategy? by Michael .E. Porter Essay

Michael Eugene h solely porter is a prof at The Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, found at the Harvard Business School. He is loosely recognized as the father of the unexampled scheme field. One of his great composing is What is strategy? published in 1996.The put togetheroff of the member raises a erroneous belief of operating(a) durability for Strategy that many companies had suffered for near two decades. In the article, oper commensurate Effectiveness opines consummateing similar activities repair than rivals perform them. To achieve this objective, companies based on its strength using their best procurable technologies, skill, charge, human resource, eliminated wasted effort, motivated employees As the result of this, they could allow lower toll that superior feature to the nodes in the meantime moving toward the enclosure. In this case, customers and suppliers received a lot of benefit. But for the companies the fast and melodramatic profit they received at the primaeval time xx-four hours by day became nonhing. They just run double-quick and faster in the endless race of Operational Effectiveness, no virtuoso could win. One of the reasons for this is so irony. Competitors imitated the best practices in technology, management, input improvement. and then most of the companies look nearly the same. thither were no difference and militant proceeds anymore and the sinking price ever ne arer to marginal price. We drop impose it all the way in mobile earpiece commercialize Samsung is set nearly with the imitation from Chinese companies for example Xiaomi. Those impudent entrants put a heavy threat on market share and made Samsung lose a lot of property.By driveing discover and describe the social function very clearly, this article has shown the conflict in operating the companies. Managers grant tried to get the better but receive the worse. It explains why many companies got stuck in their managemen t trap for almost twenty years. To make it clearer, a sincerely normal example falls into Japanese companies which imitated and emulated one a nonher, tried to satisfy any lease fromcustomers. This argument from Porter helps managers ceasecel mistake and remind them about strategy.In the se poopt vary of the article, the method to solve the matter is introduced Strategy rests on Unique Activities. Porter suggested that to avoid copying, and to be assorted, managers withdraw to acquire a different shape of activities to deport a unique mix of value, and perform activities different from competitors. It is Strategy ordering including trine sources The first one is Variety base berth. The companies use this if they can develop a particular product or helper using distinctive set of activities to satisfy one vernacular exact of a group of customers. A rattling good example for this case is fanfare Lube International. It just focus on automotive lubricants, no di fferent cable car repair or maintenance service. Therefore, their service is faster at lower cost, persuading customer to get oil changes. This manner pull up stakes attract customers with strong and specific motive especially the wise customers who believe in the reward of specialization.The second one is inescapably Based Positioning meaning answer all or most of the ineluctably of a particular group of customers. To expound this case, Porter showed a very resplendent example of Ikera. This corporation tried to divine service all the home furnishing fatalitys of its design customers who were happy to trade-off service for cost and need stylish furniture, in-store child care, wide hours. Besides according to the customers life menstruum or special occasions, companies can swirl different kinds of services, for example, BIDV bank can offer student a loan for study, aft(prenominal) that a nonher loan for buying car, home or when he require whatever money for his w edding or telephone line. The trine one is Access Based Positioning Segmenting customers who are accessible in different ways (geography, scale, or other discriminator that requires customizing of activities to r distributively this group of customers). For example, in Indian rural places where the roads were too abject that car and truck can non approach, Unilever group used local community to carry their products ( lave) and deliver tothe local passel in those remote places. In practice, many companies give cares Blackberries, Samsung can attract normal customers by advertising but for famous mint who create the fashion trend and work communitys preference, the best way is sponsor or giving them the new-fashioned expensive product as a present and paying them to use it. Anyway, in that location is an argument that is strategy doesnt mean niche approach and the most of the essence(p) is that closingon selecting a set of activities has to meet a group of customers comm on needs. The more semiprecious the lodges position is the more attractive for rivals to imitate. Competitors can reposition itself or straddling (Continental airline honor its full service while imitated sou-west summit-to-point routes, no meal, low fare). In order to make strategic position sustainable and avoid a pack of functions, companies pay to trade-off. And it is mentioned in the third part of the article. Trade-off creates the need for choice and protects a turn overst shift and straddles as well as set apart what a company offers. The company trades-off for trio reasons the first is in consistencies in stunt man or reputation. For example Neutrogena has built it word-painting for medical reputation, other brand can not copy because of huge expense. some(prenominal) famous singers, actors or actresses never fall out in small-time, unimportant show or event which may blur their two-baser and reputation. The second is from activities themselves, different positi on need different standards, method, and equipment (Ikea). A university lab mode is just used for teaching or checking models in simple cases. It can not be used to do business in complex case like the lab room in industry. in the long run it comes from limit on internal coordination and control. Continental lost a lot of money when imitating Southwest to add a new service for point-to-point flight.However, in practice, trade-off is not aristocratical. Its not sure to strike what to remain and what to give up. In psychology, managers constantly want to make their company grow. When beholding the competitors who are supremacyful and get a lot of profit, its hard to slew without jump into that business. Therefore, trade-off requires thoughtful ratiocination and sensitive impression. Furthermore, Porter argues that to gain competitive and sustainability every thing has to be sum. That is the way activities relate to other. They are unite to fit and reinforce another. Activit ies can be performed separately but the give proceeds on each other. Since competitors are facing an entire ecosystem, with elements that allow and strengthen each other existence, they need to be very persistent, capitalize, or creative to be able to replicate or break the companys strategy. To break a sensation chopstick is easy but its unrealizable to do the same with a bundle. Samsungs success is achieved by a combining many aspects. Their productsare well intentional by excellent designers who are lots visit worlds wonders, museum, and diddle more knowledge from specialists. In addition, they defend 33 technology centers for research. Their new management philosophy is another strong point, quality control and positive changes are super focused. On the other hand, Long Thanh draw fell to get fit. Their product Lothamilk is really good on quality and like by customers but the conflict among the leaders, the bother in management, and weakness in advancement prevent t hem from being in the bakshish and growth. In the last part, Porter mentions about Rediscovering Strategy. One of main point is hardship to choose. Managers have been confused about the fatality of fashioning choices. Scaring of leaving behind, companies imitated one another rush to meet all the needs of customers. Focusing on the efficiency frontier could lead one to think that companies should be able to beat its rivals simultaneously on all dimensions.Another one is addition Trap that means blind seeking of growth has a diluting effect on a companys strategy. Neutrogena suffered much(prenominal) a painful experience when they grow into a wide variety of products eyes-makeup remover, shampoowhich are not unique and fail their image. Everything became worse when they began turning to promotion. The second point is Profitable Grow Too often efforts to develop might harm the strategy but managers can choose suitable activities and cost to element their performance, deepen th e long-run position. For example, Maytag organized it value brands into separate units with different strategic position while creating comprehensive appliance company for all its brands to gain critical mass. The last but not least important is The Role of Leadership. The managers making choice or decision is really important. They have to choose what to do and what to trade-off. In Samsungs management, when the CEOs decision is made, all the members in this company have to strictly follow without any other argument or objection. In conclusion, up in Operational Effectiveness is necessary but its not plenty because company need strategy for long-term success. Therefore, every company has to create preservable positive difference to set up it position, know how to trade-off, keep fit, and flexible ample to adapt wit h major constructional changes in its industry.The article What is strategy helps the readers to find out the difference between operable Effectiveness and Strat egy, Then managers can wee the way to develop a valuable and sustainable strategy to control the companys growth and maintain its story as well as avoid mistake, and copy from the rivals. After reading this managers can combine positioning, trade-off, fit together to have a good strategy. Italso shows us Strategy is the direction and capacity of an make-up over long-term, and it is very important for the success of any business organization. Besides all the arguments in the article are in a good order. At the beginning, the business was raised, and then came many explanations leading the solution. separately argument is made clear by a typical example which is clearly analyzed. On the other hand, the subjects in examples are reused many times, that helps the readers feel familiar and find out deeply about every case. Moreover, the culture in the article is really utilizable and practical for management because it is the result of a careful research based on real, practical s ituations of some famous companies from all over the world. In addition, the business candor reflected in this article clearly illustrates the system in the book. Finally, it is well designed and easy to understand. Therefore, all readers from beginning or advantage levels can enjoy it and find something utile for them. The end